I'd appreciate it very much if you could post replays of you vs. your friend.
Basically, almost every units own goliaths.
Protoss units such as dragoons, zealots, high templars, reavers, and even carriers tend to own goliaths, but this only applies if the map has many many cliffs.
The best counter for goliath would be Dragoons and leg enhancement upgraded zealots combined.
(Make sure to upgrade armor/weapon)
And add couple of artibers, and high templars w/ psionic storm if you have more than +2 expo with geyser running.
This might sound simple but yet it is very hard to execute.
Battlecruisers, no way in hell Terran will be able to get them in TvP unless T is raping P really badly.
I'm not going to exaplain in detail why but they cost too much, and they eat up too many supplies.
Not to mention that they're strictly for TvT.